CBD oil

What is CBD oil and how does it work in the body?

CBD oil is a plant extract from the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa), which contains the non-psychoactive compound cannabidiol (CBD). Unlike THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), CBD does not have intoxicating effects but unfolds a variety of potentially health-promoting effects – without a "high" feeling. Carrier oils are usually hemp seed, MCT, or olive oil, in which pure CBD or CBD extract is dissolved.

Origin and extraction

CBD oil is extracted from the flowers and leaves of specially cultivated industrial hemp varieties that naturally have a high cannabidiol content and a very low THC content (below 0.2% in the EU). Various extraction methods are used for production, primarily CO₂ extraction, as it is particularly gentle and residue-free. Purification can be carried out to the extent that only pure CBD remains. This results in a wide range of different CBD oil compositions being offered.

Mechanism of action: The endocannabinoid system

In the human body, CBD acts through the so-called endocannabinoid system (ECS) – a cellular signaling system involved in numerous physiological processes. These include:

• Pain regulation
• Sleep-wake cycle
• Immune system
• Mood
• Inflammatory processes

The ECS consists of endogenous messengers (endocannabinoids), specific receptors (CB1, CB2, and GPR55), and enzymes that regulate their breakdown. CBD does not bind directly to CB1 or CB2 receptors but modulates their activity indirectly. It also affects other receptor systems such as TRPV1 (pain regulation), GPR55 (inflammation), GABAAR (GABAA receptors), 5-HT1A (serotonin receptor), and many more – explaining its diverse (multimodal) effects.

CBD oil is a legal and non-intoxicating product derived from hemp that supports numerous regulatory processes through its influence on the body's endocannabinoid system. It rarely acts directly but unfolds its potential through modulation effects – which is increasingly recognized in research.

What health benefits are attributed to CBD oil?

CBD oil is attributed with a remarkably high number of potential health effects, which derive from its interaction with the endocannabinoid system and other receptors (multimodal action) in the body. The exact effects depend on the individual situation, dosage, and product quality. Many of the suspected benefits are the subject of current research – some are already supported by initial studies, others are based on user reports.

pain relief

CBD oil has anti-inflammatory effects and influences pain perception, among other things via the TRPV1 receptor. Many users report Relief of chronic pain, for example in arthritis, migraine, or neuropathic complaints. This effect is currently mainly studied in preclinical models. Learn more about CBD and pain.

better sleep

CBD oil appears to promote sleep quality – especially through Reduction of falling asleep problems and nighttime restlessness. Cannabidiol is believed to have a calming effect on the nervous system without being sedative. People experiencing stress, jet lag, or stress-related insomnia report positive effects. Learn more about CBD and sleep.

support for anxiety disorders

CBD oil interacts with the serotonin receptor 5-HT1A, which leads to Reduction of anxiety and inner tension contribute. Studies suggest an anxiolytic effect, especially in social phobias or generalized anxiety disorder. Important: The effect can vary individually and does not replace psychotherapeutic treatment. Learn more about CBD and anxiety.

reduce inflammation

CBD oil is believed to immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects attributed. This is of particular interest for chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or neurodermatitis. Significant effects on inflammation markers have already been observed in animal models and in vitro studies. CBD suppositories are successfully used for inflammation of the rectum and proctological diseases. Initial studies have shown symptom relief in non-bacterial prostatitis.

Neuroprotection and stress regulation

CBD oil shows neuroprotective properties, which is being studied for conditions such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s, or Alzheimer’s. Additionally, users report better stress management in daily life – possibly due to the inhibition of stress hormone release (e.g., cortisol). Learn more about CBD and stress.

CBD oil is mainly used for pain, sleep disorders, anxiety, and inflammation. The health benefits are promising, although further clinical studies are needed for many indications. Users should pay attention to quality and appropriate dosage.

Does CBD oil help with sleep disorders and inner restlessness?

CBD oil is increasingly used as a natural aid for sleep disorders and inner restlessness. Many affected individuals turn to cannabidiol when experiencing difficulty falling asleep, waking up at night, or a consistently high stress level. Unlike traditional sleeping aids, CBD at low doses is not sedating but regulatory – aiming to restore the body to its natural rhythm.

How CBD affects sleep

CBD oil influences central mechanisms of the sleep-wake cycle, especially through its effect on the endocannabinoid system and serotonin metabolism. It inhibits the reuptake of endogenous neurotransmitters like anandamide, which has a relaxing effect. The 5-HT1A receptor, a serotonin receptor, is also modulated – which can be associated with a reduction in anxiety and mental stress. At the same time, CBD modulates a group of GABAA receptors that control neuronal excitability.

Typical effects according to experience reports and studies:

• Shortened time to fall asleep
• Less nighttime rumination
• Longer, uninterrupted sleep
• Improved recovery in the morning

A placebo-controlled study (Shannon et al., 2019) showed, for example, that 66% of participants with sleep problems reported an improvement in sleep quality after one month of CBD use. Learn more about CBD and sleep.

CBD for inner restlessness and nervous tension

Inner restlessness can be triggered by psychological stress, hormonal fluctuations, or sensory overload. Here, CBD acts anxiolytically and stress-regulating by reducing neuronal excitability – without negatively affecting concentration. This also makes it interesting for people with demanding jobs who want to stay focused during the day without resorting to medication.

For the sleep-promoting effect, it is recommended to take CBD oil about 30–60 minutes before bedtime. The optimal dose varies individually and should start low ("start low") and be adjusted gradually ("go slow").

How do CBD oil, THC, and medical cannabis differ?

CBD oil, THC, and medical cannabis differ fundamentally in their chemical composition, mode of action, legal classification, and medical use. Although all substances come from the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa) originate, they fulfill different functions – both in the body and in healthcare.

CBD (cannabidiol) – non-intoxicating and legal

CBD oil primarily contains cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound. It does not cause a "high" but has diverse effects on the nervous system, immune system, and pain perception. CBD interacts indirectly with receptors of the endocannabinoid system and modulates a variety of receptors and processes, including stress responses, inflammation, and sleep processes.

• Legal status: In the EU (including Germany and Austria), CBD oil is legal as long as the THC content is below 0.2% (DE) or 0.3% (AT) and the product comes from certified industrial hemp. CBD oil is freely available as an aromatic product or cosmetic, but not as a medical product (magistral preparation).
• Side effects: rare and mild, e.g., fatigue, dry mouth, diarrhea, impairs liver function, and can cause low blood pressure at high doses.

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) – psychoactive and prescription only

THC is the psychoactive main ingredient of the cannabis plant and responsible for the "high." It binds directly to CB1 receptors in the brain and affects perception, memory, appetite, and motor skills. THC has medical potential but is subject to strict regulations.

• Legal status: Always in Germany and Austria prescription only for medical indication (e.g., pain therapy, spasticity, chemotherapy-induced nausea). Legal in Germany since 2024 in the form of THC-containing flowers for recreational use.
• Application: Component of medical cannabis or pure THC preparations (e.g., dronabinol)
• Side effects: e.g., intoxicating effects, fatigue, concentration problems, paranoia with overdose

Medical cannabis – combination of THC and CBD

Medical cannabis refers to dried cannabis flowers or extracts with a defined content of THC, CBD, or both. The exact composition varies by strain. These medicines are dispensed by prescription for certain conditions and must be obtained through pharmacies. They differ from recreational cannabis flowers in quality requirements, supply chain, and monitoring.

• Legal status: Available only by medical prescription, use based on individual benefit-risk assessment
• Application: e.g., for multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, cancer, Tourette’s

What side effects can CBD oil have?

CBD oil is generally well tolerated, especially compared to many conventional medications. However, it can cause unwanted effects—particularly at higher doses or when taken with other drugs. CBD is successfully and safely used as an add-on therapy with a variety of medications. The type and severity of possible side effects depend, as with any other active substance, on individual sensitivity, dosage, form of administration, interaction with other substances and enzyme functions, as well as the user’s health condition.

Common, mostly mild side effects

Most side effects of CBD oil are mild and reversibleCommonly reported symptoms include:

• Fatigue or dizziness: Especially at high doses or when taken with sedative substances (e.g., antihistamines, alcohol), CBD can have a sedative effect.
• Dry mouth: CBD can inhibit saliva production, causing a temporary feeling of dry mouth.
• Mild drop in blood pressure: In rare cases, a short-term drop in blood pressure may occur immediately after intake – accompanied by dizziness or slight discomfort.
• Gastrointestinal complaints: Especially at the beginning of use or with a sensitive stomach, mild nausea, bloating, or soft stools are possible.

Interactions with medications

CBD is metabolized in the liver via cytochrome P450 enzymes – an enzyme system that also affects many drugs. As a result, CBD can alter the effect or breakdown of other medications, especially with:

• Blood thinners
• Antiepileptics
• Psychotropic drugs
• Immunosuppressants

If you regularly take medication, you should definitely seek medical advice before taking high doses of CBD.

How is CBD oil properly dosed?

The optimal dose of CBD oil varies individually and depends on factors such as body weight, metabolism, symptoms, and product type. A too high initial dose can worsen tolerance. However, a dose that is too low is not effective. 

Medical dosages of CBD usually start at 100 mg CBD, e.g., with CANNEFF suppositories, as these act locally in the vagina or rectum. 

Oral CBD intake through oils or capsules requires, from a medical perspective, dosages starting at 300 mg CBD per day for conditions like anxiety disorders, epilepsy, etc., and can reach up to 1500 mg per day in individual cases. The diet (fat content) can significantly influence bioavailability. 

Studies also show effects at lower doses for indications such as sleep, stress, or inner restlessness. In summary, the right dose is individual and should be determined in consultation with a doctor.

What should you look for when buying CBD oil?

When buying CBD oil, special attention should be paid to Quality, transparency, and legal safety should be considered. The following points are crucial:

• CBD content and concentration
• THC content
• Production and origin
• Laboratory analyses
• Carrier oil and additive

You can find more details in the blog article Buying CBD Oil.