CBD oil

What is CBD oil and how does it work in the body?

CBD oil is a plant extract from the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa), which contains the non-psychoactive compound cannabidiol (CBD). Unlike THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), CBD does not have intoxicating effects but unfolds a variety of potentially health-promoting effects – without a "high" feeling. Carrier oils are usually hemp seed oil, MCT oil, or olive oil, in which pure CBD or the CBD extract is dissolved.

Origin and extraction

CBD oil is extracted from the flowers and leaves of specially cultivated industrial hemp varieties that naturally have a high cannabidiol content and a very low THC content (below 0.2% in the EU). Various extraction methods are used for production, primarily CO₂ extraction, as it is particularly gentle and residue-free. Purification can be carried out to the extent that only pure CBD remains. This results in a wide range of different CBD oil compositions being offered.

Mechanism of action: The endocannabinoid system

In the human body, CBD acts through the so-called endocannabinoid system (ECS) – a cellular signaling system involved in numerous physiological processes. These include:

• Pain regulation
• Sleep-wake rhythm
• Immune system
• Mood
• Inflammatory processes

The ECS consists of endogenous messengers (endocannabinoids), specific receptors (CB1, CB2, and GPR55), as well as enzymes that regulate their breakdown. CBD does not bind directly to CB1 or CB2 receptors but modulates their activity indirectly. Additionally, it affects other receptor systems such as TRPV1 (pain regulation), GPR55 (inflammation), GABAAR (GABAA receptors), 5-HT1A (serotonin receptor), and many more – which explains its diverse (multimodal) effects.

CBD oil is a legal and non-intoxicating product derived from hemp that supports numerous regulatory processes through its influence on the body's own endocannabinoid system. It rarely acts directly but unfolds its potential through modulation effects – which is increasingly gaining attention in research.

What health benefits are attributed to CBD oil?

CBD oil is attributed a remarkably high number of potential health effects, which can be derived from its interaction with the endocannabinoid system and other receptors (multimodal effect) in the body. The exact effects depend on the individual situation, the dose, and the quality of the product. Many of the suspected benefits are the subject of current research – some are already supported by initial studies, others are based on experience reports.

Pain relief

CBD oil has anti-inflammatory effects and influences pain perception, among other things via the TRPV1 receptor. Many users report a Relief of chronic pain, for example in arthritis, migraine, or neuropathic complaints. This effect is currently being studied mainly in preclinical models. Learn more about CBD and pain.

Better sleep

CBD oil seems to promote sleep quality – especially through Reduction of falling asleep problems and nighttime restlessness. Cannabidiol is believed to have a calming effect on the nervous system without being sedative. People with stress, jet lag, or stress-related insomnia report positive effects in experience reports. Learn more about CBD and sleep.

Support for anxiety disorders

CBD oil interacts with the Serotonin receptor 5-HT1A, which leads to Reduction of anxiety and inner tension contribute. Studies suggest an anxiolytic effect, especially in social phobias or generalized anxiety disorder. Important: The effect can vary individually and does not replace psychotherapeutic treatment. Learn more about CBD and anxiety.

Inflammation reduction

CBD oil is believed to immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effect attributed. This is of particular interest for chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or neurodermatitis. Significant effects on inflammation markers have already been observed in animal models and in vitro studies. CBD suppositories are successfully used for inflammation of the rectum and proctological diseases. Initial studies have shown symptom relief in non-bacterial prostatitis.

Neuroprotection and stress regulation

CBD oil shows neuroprotective properties, which is being studied in diseases such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s, or Alzheimer’s. Additionally, users report better stress management in everyday life – possibly due to the inhibition of stress hormone release (e.g., cortisol). Learn more about CBD and stress.

CBD oil is mainly used for pain, sleep disorders, anxiety, and inflammation. The health benefits are promising, although further clinical studies are needed for many indications. Users should pay attention to quality and appropriate dosage.

Does CBD oil help with sleep disorders and inner restlessness?

CBD oil is increasingly used as a natural aid for sleep disorders and inner restlessness. Many affected individuals turn to cannabidiol when experiencing difficulties falling asleep, waking up at night, or a consistently high stress level. Unlike classic sleeping aids, CBD in low doses is not sedating but regulating – aiming to restore the body to its natural rhythm.

How CBD affects sleep

CBD oil affects central mechanisms of the sleep-wake cycle, especially through its action on the endocannabinoid system and serotonin metabolism. It inhibits the reuptake of endogenous messengers like anandamide, which has a relaxing effect. The 5-HT1A receptor, a serotonin receptor, is also modulated – which can be associated with a reduction in anxiety and mental stress. At the same time, CBD modulates a group of GABAA receptors that control neuronal excitability.

Typical effects according to experience reports and studies:

• Shortened time to fall asleep
• Less nighttime rumination
• Longer, uninterrupted sleep
• Improved recovery in the morning

A placebo-controlled study (Shannon et al., 2019) showed, for example, that 66% of participants with sleep problems reported an improvement in sleep quality after one month of CBD. Learn more about CBD and sleep.

CBD for inner restlessness and nervous tension

Inner restlessness can be triggered by psychological stress, hormonal fluctuations, or sensory overload. Here, CBD acts anxiolytically and stress-regulating by reducing neuronal excitability – without negatively affecting concentration. This also makes it interesting for people with demanding jobs who want to stay focused during the day without resorting to medication.

For the sleep-promoting effect, it is recommended to take CBD oil about 30–60 minutes before going to bed. The optimal dose varies individually and should be started low ("start low") and gradually adjusted ("go slow").

How do CBD oil, THC, and medicinal hemp differ?

CBD oil, THC, and medical cannabis differ fundamentally in their chemical composition, mode of action, legal classification, and medical application. Although all substances come from the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa) come from, they fulfill different functions – both in the body and in healthcare.

CBD (Cannabidiol) – non-intoxicating and legal

CBD oil primarily contains cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound. It does not cause a "high" but has diverse effects on the nervous system, immune system, and pain perception. CBD interacts indirectly with receptors of the endocannabinoid system and modulates a variety of receptors and processes, including stress responses, inflammation, and sleep processes.

• Legal: In the EU (including Germany and Austria), CBD oil is legal as long as the THC content is below 0.2% (DE) or 0.3% (AT) and the product comes from certified industrial hemp. CBD oil is freely available as an aroma product or cosmetic, but not as a medical product (magistral preparation).
• Side effects: rare and mild, e.g. fatigue, dry mouth, diarrhea, impairs liver function, and can cause low blood pressure at high doses.

THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) – psychoactive and prescription-only

THC is the psychoactive main active ingredient of the cannabis plant and responsible for the "high." It binds directly to CB1 receptors in the brain and affects perception, memory, appetite, and motor skills. THC has medical potential but is subject to strict regulations.

• Legal: Always in Germany and Austria prescription-only for medical indication (e.g., pain therapy, spasticity, chemotherapy-induced nausea). Legal in Germany since 2024 in the form of THC-containing flowers for recreational use.
• Application: Component of medical cannabis or pure THC preparations (e.g., dronabinol)
• Side effects: among others intoxication effects, fatigue, concentration disorders, paranoia in case of overdose

Medical cannabis – combination of THC and CBD

Medical cannabis refers to dried cannabis flowers or extracts with a defined content of THC, CBD, or both. The exact composition varies depending on the strain. These medicines are dispensed for certain diseases on medical prescription and must be obtained through pharmacies. They differ from cannabis flowers for recreational use by quality requirements, supply chain, and monitoring.

• Legal: Available only by medical prescription, use based on individual benefit-risk assessment
• Application: among others for multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, cancer, Tourette's

What side effects can CBD oil have?

CBD oil is generally considered well tolerated, especially compared to many conventional medications. Nevertheless, it can cause unwanted effects – particularly at higher doses or when taken together with other drugs. However, CBD is successfully and safely used as an add-on therapy with a variety of medications. The type and severity of possible side effects depend, as with any other active substance, on individual sensitivity, dosage, form of administration, interaction with other active substances and enzyme functions, as well as the user's health condition.

Common, mostly mild side effects

Most adverse effects of CBD oil are mild and reversible. Commonly reported symptoms include:

• Fatigue or drowsiness: Especially at high doses or when taken simultaneously with sedative substances (e.g., antihistamines, alcohol), CBD can have a sedative effect.
• Dry mouth: CBD can inhibit saliva production, causing a temporary feeling of dry mouth.
• Mild blood pressure drop: In individual cases, a short-term drop in blood pressure can occur immediately after intake – accompanied by dizziness or slight discomfort.
• Gastrointestinal complaints: Especially at the beginning of intake or with a sensitive stomach, mild nausea, bloating, or soft stool are possible.

Interactions with medications

CBD is metabolized in the liver via cytochrome P450 enzymes – an enzyme system that also affects many drugs. As a result, CBD can alter the effect or breakdown of other medications, especially with:

• Blood thinners
• Antiepileptics
• Psychotropic drugs
• Immunosuppressants

Therefore, if you regularly take medication, you should definitely seek medical advice before taking CBD in high doses.

How is CBD oil properly dosed?

The optimal dose of CBD oil varies individually and depends on factors such as body weight, metabolism, complaints, and product type. A too high initial dose can worsen tolerability. However, a dose that is too low is not effective. 

Medical dosages of CBD usually start at 100 mg CBD, e.g., with CANNEFF suppositories, as these act locally in the vagina or rectum. 

Oral CBD intake through oils or capsules requires, from a medical perspective, dosages of 300 mg CBD per day for conditions such as anxiety disorders, epilepsy, etc., and can in individual cases reach 1500 mg per day. The supplied diet (fat content) can significantly influence bioavailability. 

Studies also show effects at lower dosages when it comes to indications such as sleep, stress, or inner restlessness. In summary, the correct dose is individual and should be determined in consultation with a doctor.

What should one pay attention to when buying CBD oil?

When buying CBD oil, special attention should be paid to Quality, transparency, and legal certainty should be considered. The following points are crucial:

• CBD content and concentration
• THC content
• Production and origin
• Laboratory analyses
• Carrier oil and additive

You can find more details in the blog article Buying CBD Oil.